Understanding public relations theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding public relations theory - Essay Example Change Management Communication In addition, the role of mass media as an agent of communicating organizational intentions and promotion of interest can also not be ignored by organizations. Overall, the understanding and appreciation of the various approaches, theories and other related concepts of public relations is important in tackling of issues or concerns that may arise from daily operations. In response to this, this paper will examine the role of public relations practice in organizations. For applicability, the paper has identified the issue of change management communication in organizations. This will be examined through a selected article about an organization that is likely to be affected by the subject matter of discussions in this paper. The paper will discuss the components of the article that make it a media issue as well as a public relations issue. The article under examination pertains to Boral Company that operates in the building and construction industry. The company’s new chief execu tive having taken the reign in the top leadership has been tasked with a challenge of ensuring that the company’s financial results improve as a result in an economy downfall that has affected the construction industry in which the company operates in. One of the measures that the chief executive has been compelled to take after a 100 day review is through initiating a 700 job cut program targeting management and back office staff. Even though the move is likely to cost the company a massive 60 million dollars, if successfully implemented it has been projected to result to an annual saving of about 90 million dollars. However, the major issue that arises from this situation is that of how to effectively manage this drastic change especially by communicating the intended purposes and criteria for such changes to the stakeholders of the company that will be largely affected by this decision (Hayes, 2006). Consequently, the main purpose of the following discussions will be to an alyze the contributions that public relations, which can be stated to be constituted of communication with external and internal publics, and communication management, can make in managing organizational change during an employee retrenchment exercise. The framework that will be used to analyze the situation at Boral will be in terms of a dual examination of the issue in terms of being a media as well as a public relations issue. To begin, as a media issue, the organization needs to be prepared to tackle several issues so that the image of the firm remains intact in the eyes of the public. The media plays a major role in shaping opinions and the issue of job cuts proposed by the new chief executive can result into an image backlash if not well handled. It is the job of the public relations professionals and the department in charge of the area affected, in this case the board of governors through the chief executive officer and to some extent the human resources, to learn the facts and information needed, and communicate it to the targeted audiences in a timely and effective manner. The organization's reputation and credibility with external and internal audience is at stake. This is because tackling the issue of job cuts at a time when the economy is hard an issue for the whole nation is a sensitive and important issue. Whatever is communicated internally and externally will remain forever on

The Liberal reforms of 1906-1914 Essay Example for Free

The Liberal reforms of 1906-1914 Essay To what extent could the Liberal reforms of 1906-1914 be described as a radical attempt to alleviate poverty? This essay will explore the Liberal reforms introduced between 1906-1914 and assess the governments efficacy in tackling poverty. In the early 20th century poverty was becoming an increasingly important issue and for a variety of reasons. Poverty had risen up the political agenda not least because of the advent of the Labour Party and their programme for social reform. At one end of the spectrum it is argued that the Liberal Government were crusaders for social reform, fighting oppression and poverty to emancipate the working classes. At the other end, the Liberals were seen as a Government with no plan or coherent strategy to deal with these issues and were not even united; with legislation being introduced piece meal as a response to individual crisis. At the turn of the century large numbers of men, women and children had to endure deplorable living and working conditions. The estimated unemployment rate for 15 to 64 year olds in 1902 was 69%1, although the unemployment rate as measured by those claiming unemployment related benefit was as low as 5%. However this raises questions about the accuracy of measuring and reporting conditions and begins to signify the potential numbers living on the poverty line. In 1900 trade union membership represented only 11% of those in employment and the impact of the Taff Vale2 judgement meant even the Trade Unions were powerless to improve the poor working conditions. Further, the school leaving age in 1900 was 12 and according to the 1901 census 10% (140,000) 10 14 year old boys were already working. The benefits paid by the state were in any event below subsistence level and these issues were compounded by poor housing and over crowding, poor diet and health. Together with lack of health care meant large numbers were living in extreme poverty. These conditions had prevailed throughout the 19 Century and there had been no concerted effort to tackle the issue. However, in the eight years before the First World War, the Liberal Government first under Henry Campbell-Bannerman and then Herbert Asquith embarked upon a sweeping programme of social and economic reform. New Liberalism advocated social reform, financed by higher taxation on the wealthy. Surveys concerning the poor by individuals such as Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree in York3 had revealed the extent of poverty and brought the problem to public attention. This could explain the burst of activity by the Liberal Government. In their studies they distinguished between families suffering from primary and secondary poverty. Such studies provided a wealth of statistical data on wages, hours of work, nutritional needs, food consumed, health and housing. Booth and Rowntree published a book4 illustrating the failings of the capitalist system and argued that new measures were needed to overcome the problems of unemployment, old age and ill health. Their findings highlight the reasons for Liberal reforms being made. Historians such as S. Reed Brett and Murray believe that the Liberal reforms of 1906 onwards were significant. They claim that by moving towards the State intervening in peoples lives and changing attitudes they laid the foundations of the welfare state today. One view is that Lloyd Georges reforms were the first real step to changing societys attitude to helping the vulnerable and poor. They convinced people that the governments role should be to help the poor and needy. This made it possible for later governments to bring in welfare reforms such as the National Health Service (in 1948). Murray illustrates this view in his work: The social reforms of the pre-war Liberal government had no opportunity to make a major dent in the extent of poverty before the Great War, but there is some evidence to suggest that they began to make a difference in the long term. (Murray, 1999) The Liberal reforms can also be considered in very different terms. Some contempories believed that the Liberals were only interested in Britains efficiency as a country. It can be argued that the Liberal government brought in their welfare reforms because they were afraid that a sick and badly educated workforce would leave Britain lagging behind other countries like Germany. If Britain was to compete and maintain its position as a world power, then it had to be run efficiently. This theory supported the belief that healthy, well-educated workforce was essential. (Murphy, 2000) Commentators are also of the view that political pressures from the left induced fear in the Liberal Administration, which ultimately forced or encouraged the government to embark on social reform. These conflicting interpretations will be reviewed in more detail when considering the effectiveness of the reforms The extreme poverty identified in the research conducted by Booth and Rowntree and the poor health levels of those conscripted for the Boer War5, proved to be a catalyst for the actions taken to improve health, education and the general welfare of the public. It is clear that many historians and commentators have conflicting views concerning the Liberal Administration and question the motives for reform. However, there is no doubt that the Liberals introduced a series of important measures. The social reforms to benefit the lowest classes were centred on three areas, children, elderly and poverty resulting from unemployment and sickness. The Liberal Administration was aware of how controversial such reforms were and started with attempts to improve conditions for working class children. Such children were the most vulnerable section of society, but also could not be held to blame for their predicament. Even so there was still opposition as some believed that parents were responsible for children and that government intervention would only undermine individual freedom and responsibility. Despite such beliefs there was a common consensus that the poverty experienced by the poorest working class children was a national disgrace and a range of measures were introduced. In 1906 the government introduced the Education (School Meals) Act, which resulted from the work of the Labour MP William Beverage. This gave local councils the power to provide free school meals for the poorest families. In many ways this was a great success. On the other hand, the Act allowed local authorities to provide meals, but it did not make it a mandatory requirement. In 1907 the Liberals, established compulsory medical inspections. This was owed to civil servant Sir Robert Morant. The checks were free, but in some areas they were carried out more thoroughly than others. Further, despite the introduction of the inspections, they were not a solution for all as the treatment was not free. Therefore the success of such inspections is questionable. This is illustrated by Murray; Both measures gradually had a major impact despite their opponents. Although the 1906 Act was at first permissive (Local Education Authorities were not compelled to supply school meals), by 1914 over 14 million meals per annum were being provide for 158,000 children. In a similar way, the 1907 Act did not compel local authorities to set up clinics, but by 1914 most were proving some medical treatment for children. (Murray, 1999) Later, in 1908 the government introduced the Children and Young Persons Act, due to the influence of pressure groups such as the NSPCC6. Children became protected persons, which meant that parents who ill-treated or neglected their children could now be prosecuted. The Act banned the sale of alcohol and tobacco to children and prohibited them from working in dangerous trades like scrap metal. Also, children who broke the law were now dealt with in specialist juvenile courts and prisons. These were clearly important measures to improve the welfare of children and help tackle child poverty. It can be said that these reforms were the Liberals principal achievement during their first tenure in office. The Liberals were fully aware that for many people the main cause of poverty was old age. In response to this they introduced Old Age Pensions in 1908. It was highly controversial because of the expected cost. It was also debatable because some people thought that old people were in poverty because they had wasted their money throughout their lives. Overall, Old Age Pensions were very well received and had support from most of the public. To qualify, people had to be over the age of 70. They also had to earn less than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½31 per year and have lived in Britain for 20 years. The number of old people who depended on charity or the Poor Law dropped dramatically as a result of this reform. Pugh clarifies this: The scheme was implemented in ways calculated to reassure the beneficiaries, that it promoted the independence of the elderly, that it reached more people than is usually thought, and that it helped to modify popular attitudes towards the state. (Martin Pugh 2000) However, the pension act was still a very controversial measure mainly due to the sectors of society excluded by the Act and the retention of the concept deserving and undeserving individuals. With regard to the unemployed Booth and Rowntrees investigations revealed that inadequate wages were another major cause of poverty and minimum wage legislation was identified as a radical step. The Liberals felt they had no option other than to address the problem and as a result passed the 1909 Trade Boards Act and the 1912 Mines Act. Although they were limited in scope and effect, the measures marked a shift away from the 19th century laissez faire attitude that the government should not intervene in the setting of wages. Some of the most far-reaching reforms introduced by the Liberals concerned working people. Throughout the early 1900s there were a range of different measures undertaken by local authorities to help the sick and unemployed. The government supported many. However, by 1911 the Liberals were convinced that some kind of government-controlled national system was needed. As a result they created National Insurance in 1911. The National Insurance Act was in two parts. The 1st part dealt with unemployment, the second with health. Workers earning under à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½160 per year had to join the scheme. They paid 4d per week from their own wages into an insurance scheme. The employer added a further 2d and the government added 3d on top of that. In return for their contributions workers got sick pay of 10 shillings a week for 6 months and unemployment pay of 7 shillings a week for up to 15 weeks. As with the other Liberal measures, when the scheme was introduced there was a lot of opposition suggesting its radical nature. Many workers resented the money being taken from their wages and many employers resented the amount of money it cost them. This was a regressive measure. The policy could have been more radical and progressive by linking the sums payable in National Insurance to wages as opposed to one amount for all workers. However, this was arguably the most important of all welfare reforms. By 1913, 13 million workers were insured in the scheme and a very important safety net had been established. It marked a break with the past in establishing the principle that providing help for the unemployed was a national not a local responsibility. It was clear that the principle of individual liberty was now being challenged by a stronger emphasis on collective welfare rights. (www.NationalArchives.gov.uk) Pearce and Stewart highlight this: Although the Liberal government failed to make a popular impact at the time, a number of measures had particular significance because they showed that the government were prepared to intervene far more than had been the case in the past. This exemplifies a radical attempt to improve poverty: The effect of these social reforms meant a significant increase in government intervention. The state had now assumed an unprecedented degree of responsibility for individuals in the lower class of society. (Mike Byrne, 2005) The main criticisms of the Liberals reforms were the attitude towards welfare was generally too cautious. It can be argued that the Liberals reforms were little more than a response to economic and political circumstances. There were large elements of compromise and Victorian moral attitudes were still featuring in the reforms. Whilst it is accepted that, as a whole, the welfare package introduced by the Liberals helped to some extent alleviate poverty, it is also clear that many people continued to slip through the net and that the Liberals measures were very limited in scope and were capable of further extensions. For example the 1909 pensions excluded old people under the age of 70 and did not cover criminals, people continually failing to find work and drunkards. Workers outside the industries covered in the Labour Exchange Act and Miners Minimum Wage Act did not qualify to receive a minimum wage. Only c.13 million out of a total population of c.45 million were included in the National Insurance Scheme. The National Insurance 1911 act pension coverage was not universal and was aimed mainly at lower paid and manual workers. It did not provide support for dependants. (www.National Statistics.gov.uk) Further more Free medical care was available to only a wage earner, not the wife or children. To tackle poverty more effectively the reforms could have been universal without deliberately excluding thousands of people. This is expounded by Watts: Changes were often modest in scope and there was a number of areas which remained unreformed. (Watts, 1995) Most of the Liberal reforms depended upon local government and local services to deliver them. While this had the effect of removing the stigma of the Poor Law, it also depended upon the priorities of the local authorities. The provision of school medical services, for example, was made possible by central government but its implementation was patchy as it relied on local authorities, many having differing priorities. In effect this meant there was no coherent strategy or mechanism to implement the much-needed reform, which accordingly failed to achieve the desired outcome. The range of reforms introduced by the Liberals was impressive, but it was not the result of a preconceived programme. Historians often see the reforms as individual solutions to particular social problems, not as a wider radical movement. If they were to have come to power, with a formal programme for poverty relief the reforms may have been more radical and affected a wider section of society. The Government as a whole did not seem to be very committed to welfare reforms, apart from Lloyd George and Churchill. It is argued that the reforms were Lloyd George and Churchills response to what they saw as the challenge from the left. By stealing Labours thunder, they hoped to capture more working class votes. Watts illustrates this: Lloyd George and Churchill revealed a certain skill in adapting Liberalism to the challenge of the condition of the people question. In so doing, they retained some middle-class support and made a bid for the loyalty of the working classes. (Watts, 1995) By ensuring that reforms were as moderate as possible, they hoped to retain middle-class support. In other words, if the reforms are seen in terms of party political advantage, far from being radical, the reforms can be described as a conservative response to the radical threat from the left. When comparing the Liberal actions in light of later developments the reforms were not wholly radical and a great deal of key legislation was left undone. The legislation was hardly revolutionary. The state pension was free but not universal. Only around half a million of the oldest, poorest, and most sober elderly people obtained a pension, which was less than a bare subsistence income. (Tanner, 1900) When the Liberals came to power they had no preconceived strategic plan to tackle poverty and indeed right up to the eve of the 1906 General Election Campbell-Bannerman strove to avoid committing the Party to any measures to deal with unemployment, or even old age pensions. (Hay 1975) Policies to tackle social problems once they came to power were introduced piece meal, in response to economic and political circumstances rather than a coherent reform package. The reforms were very limited, confused and didnt always favour the poor. Thus, they fell short of a full-scale attack on poverty. Clarke comments on the Education and Licensing Bills, which had to be scrapped as a result of opposition in the House of Lords. Pearce and Stuart went further stating many national disaster areas remained untouched the problem of slum housing for example was not tackled. (Pearce and Stewart, 1992) However, many of the Liberal reforms introduced provided the foundations for a Welfare State and paved the way for subsequent social reform. There was a fundamental shift in social attitudes to poverty and welfare as they convinced people that governments should help the poor and needy. This was a significant achievement for the Liberal Administration, which should not be underestimated. The policies introduced were also successful in helping to alleviate poverty. The measures to introduce medical inspections and school meals argues Murray made a significant impact by 1914 over 14 million meals per annum were being provided for 158,000 children the 1907 Act did not compel Local Authorities to set up clinics but by 1914 most were providing medical treatment for children. Murray concludes the social reforms of the pre-war Liberal government had no opportunity to make a major dent in the extreme poverty before the Great War, but there is some evidence to suggest they began to make a di fference in the longer term. (Murray, 1999) In conclusion, the nature and success of the Liberal reforms has been the subject of keen historical debate and almost unparalleled scrutiny, resulting in many conflicting views. It cannot be denied there was scope for more radical reform. However, when taking in to account the contemporary, social values and norms, political climate, and the argument of the state versus individual responsibility this was a bold attempt by the Liberal Administration to introduce radical reform. Such reforms helped to alleviate poverty and paved the way for future reforms, even though the Governments motivation may at times have been based upon expediency and was not always entirely principled or purist. 1 This and the following statistics were taken from the Natioanl statistics website. 2 The Taff Vale judgement prevented Unions from picketing and any union could be liable to pay unlimited damages for losses caused by a strike. 3 Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, undertook major investigations into the extent and causes of poverty in British cities. They discovered that up to 30% of the population of the cities were living in or below poverty levels and the conditions were such that people could not pull themselves out of poverty by their own actions alone. Booth and Rowntree both identified the main causes of poverty as being illness, unemployment and old age. 4 Charles Booth published, Life and Labour of People in London in 1889 and Seeboh Rowntree published, Poverty A study of Town Life in 1901. 5 The Boer War was an attempt by the British to re-impose its control over Southern Africa, and when Britain put pressure on the Boers they had little option other than to fight. The British public expected the war to be over in a few weeks as the Boers were inexperienced and badly equipped. However the defeat of 50,000 Boers took 450,00 British troops and before the end, it cost 22,000 lives and well over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200,000,000 of money. 6 The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC). Bibliography From George III to George VI A brief history of Britain from 1760 to 1952 (S. Reed Brett) An illustrated history of modern Britain 1783 1964 (Denis Richards and J.W. Hunt) The origins of the Liberal Welfare reforms 1906-1914 (J.R Hay) Heinemann Advanced History: Poverty and Public Health 1815-1948 (Rosemary Rees) Access to History: Britain 1895-1918 (Mike Byrne) Life and Labour of People in London (Charles Booth 1889) Poverty A study of town life (Seebohm Rowntree 1901) www.LearningCurve.gov.uk www.nationalachieves.gov.uk http://www.nedrichards.com/docs/libsocref.pdf www.lednum.wordpress.com/2006/09/07/the-liberal-reforms-of-1906-1914/ www.liberalhistory.org.uk www.en.wikipedia.org www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk www.politics.co.uk www.statistics.gov.uk

The Health Benefits of Exercise Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Exercise is one of the most important factors in a persons’ life. Physical activity, or the lack of it, can result in a person having a healthy life or cause them to have diabetes. The benefits of exercise are countless. The positive health results, the improvement in attitude, even better academic performance are all factors which make not exercising inexcusable. Merely not using a person’s body is harmful. Not being active results in a person’s muscles becoming weak and out of condition. The effectiveness of a person’s heart and lungs will decrease. A person’s joints will become stiff and can be injured easily. Inactivity can be as much of a health risk as smoking. In addition children have become extremely lazy with all the entertainment available in this day and age. Most Americans watch three and a half hours of television every day. By the age of sixty five over nine years will have been spent in front of a screen. Over one-third children from ages four to nineteen eat fast food every day and fifteen percent in that age set are obese. It is especially important to prevent children and adolescences from becoming obese. According to â€Å"Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Data and Statistics† eighty percent of obese children become obese adults. The number of overweight children in America has dou bled since the 1980s. People have begun resorting to unsuccessful diets and each day thousands of teens become bulimic or anorexic to lose weight. Thirty four to thirty seven percent of adults in America are obese. This has increased dramatically in the past twenty years (â€Å"Obesity†). The simple answer to this problem is to start exercising. The U.S. Department of Health and Human services says that children and teens need a... ...ical Activity for Families and Children." National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Llewellyn, Claire. Exercise. London: QED, 2006. Print. â€Å"Mayo Clinic.† Web. 27 Apr. 2011. . "Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Data and Statistics | DNPAO | CDC." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Payment, Simone. What Happens to Your Body When You Run. New York, NY: Rosen Central, 2010. Print. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, 2001. Print. "What Is Basal Metabolic Rate?" Personal Trainer Cindy Brotherston for Fitness, Weight Loss and Nutrition. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. .

Frank Lloyd Wright :: essays research papers

Frank Lloyd Wright   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank Lloyd Wright, in my mind, is the greatest architect I’ve ever seen. He had a big fetish with building his houses encompassed with nature and that really interested me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank Lloyd Wright is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in modern Western architecture. His radically innovative designs, utilizing a building based on nature. Said by Wright as organic architecture. He was born in Richland Center, Wisconsin, June 8, 1867 and died on April 9, 1959. It was a standard of his passion and commitment to his field of work that he continued working right up to the time of his death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After studying civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin, he moved to Chicago in 1887, where he went to work as an apprentice for Louis Sullivan. He began there to design and independently build private houses for some of Sullivan’s clients. This was known as “moonlighting';. These houses soon revealed an independent talent that was distinct from that of Sullivan. Wright’s houses had low, sweeping rooflines hanging over uninterrupted walls of windows. His plans were centered on massive brick or stone fireplaces at the heart of the house. His rooms became wide open to one another and the overall configuration of his plans became more and more alike, reaching out toward some real or imagined expansive horizon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In contrast to the openness of those houses and as if in conflict with their immediate city environment, Wright’s urban buildings tend to be walled in with light entering primarily from above, through skylights. These features contrasted with those of his mentor’s, Sullivan, work. Wright’s distaste for urban environments and his embrace of the natural environment are observed in the contrasting features of some of his finest buildings in the early 1900s: the Unity Church in Oak Park, Illinois; compared with Buffalo’s Martin House and Chicago’s Robie House. The houses are characterized by large, glazed walls, terraces, and low-slung roof overhangs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, in 1893, the issue of Wright’s moonlighting escapades finally arose and Sullivan was forced to fire Wright. Sullivan felt very betrayed by this. Wright was forced to work on his own which pleased him either way. This gave him more freedom. During the next 20 years, he became one of the best known architects in the United States. Wright’s fame in Europe was promoted due to the publication in 1910 and 1911 by Berlin’s Wasmuth of two editions of Wright’s work as well as an exhibition that traveled throughout Europe.

Travel Brochure

The Pharaohs were the most powerful and the most important people in the kingdom. He ruled the government, the military, the religion and all his people. They were the kings and queens of Egypt. Many people also believed that pharaohs were half god. They believed the Pharaoh was the sun god Re. Pharaohs also often had many wives but they only had one queen. The Great Pyramids of Giza- There are 3 chambers inside the pyramid. The lower one, is made of limestone bedrock and was never completed. The 2nd and 3rd were known as the king and queens chamber. Surrounding the pyramid are tombs, statues, and other monuments, this certainly would be a site to see! Step Pyramid at Saqqara- This was the 1st stone building ever made. Djoser constructed this beauty. Where will we be traveling? And who are the Pharaohs. Delete box or place a tag line or quote here. Delete box or place a tag line or quote here. 5555 Street Address City, State 55555 Telephone 555. 555. 5555 Facsimile 555. 555. 5555 DELETE BOX, OR PLACE TEXT OR LOGO HERE www. webaddress. com During the 2nd half of the old kingdom Saqqara was known as the royal burying grounds. The step pyramid of djoser was created all out of stone. It’s also often referred to (because of its rectangular base) as the Step Tomb. Its surrounded by ceremonial structures as well as many decorations. When Djoser led, he led his people through time of advancements and expansion. To expand Egypt’s territory, he fought foreign invaders on both the eastern and western sides. When Djoser ruled he also ended the famine that had been bringing down his empire. Before Djoser’s time there was a lot of hardship, but he got people back on track and his efforts also lead to more agriculture and farming. He was a wonderful and respected leader. Leader- Djoser Karnak SUBHEAD Delete box or place a tag line or quote here. Delete box or place a tag line or quote here. * HEADLINE Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Continue brochure text here. Saqqara t

How Many SAT Subject Tests Should I Take

How Many SAT Subject Tests Should I Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Decisions, decisions! Not only do you have to make up your mind about which Subject Tests to take, you also have to decide how many Subject Tests to take. In this guide we'll look at the most important considerations when signing up for Subject Tests so you can be confident about your choice. How Many SAT Subject Tests Should You Take? This isn't as simple a question to answer as you may think; there are actually multiple factors to take into consideration. To make it easy for you, we'll go over all the key questions you should ask yourself. #1: What Do the Colleges You're Applying to Require? The most important factor in answering this question is the requirement of your colleges.Schools require zero, one, two, or three Subject Tests. The most selective schools usually require two Subject Tests. Georgetown is one exception that comes to mind - they want to see three. Click here to learn more about SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League and other selective schools. If a college asks for two, you probably shouldn't send along more than two. If you do take more than is required, the college should look at your highest scores. It will also consider your highest score if you sit for the same test more than once, but it might appear less strong to admissions officers if they see you took several tries to achieve a certain score. Besides its required number of Subject Tests, you also need to know if the colleges you're applying to have any specific requirements or expectations for which ones you take. Subject Tests requirements might differ by academic program. An engineering program, for example, probably wants to see math and science. Technical schools like MIT and CalTech require one math and one science Subject Test to apply. Check out our comprehensive list of all the colleges that require, recommend, or consider the SAT Subject Tests here. Remember, when a college "recommends," but does not require the tests, it's still a good idea to take them! It shows that you're putting forth extra effort and challenging yourself, along with demonstrating your academic strengths. Plus many colleges appreciate Subject Tests as a somewhat objective measure of your learning. While high school classes and grading systems vary across the country, the SAT and SAT Subject Tests are a nationally accepted standard meant to test students' academic knowledge on a level playing field. Once you're confident about the requirements of your colleges, you can reflect on your strengths and interests. #2: Which Subjects Do You Know Well? Are you intrigued by the process through which plants turn sunlight into food? Do you love learning about population flows within an ecosystem? Are word problems fun head-scratchers, or would you rather be reading Jane Austen and Mark Twain? By the way, if you answered "yes" to any of the above, my Subject Test recommendations would be Biological Molecular, Biology Ecological, Math, and Literature, respectively! Reflect on what you know, what you like, and in what subject areas you can perform well. Subject Tests are your opportunity to show that you've studied and gained significant knowledge in a particular area. Choose wisely so that you not only get a high score to add to your application, but you also add another dimension to the story of who you are and what you like. For more on this, check out our expert guide: Which Subject Tests Should You Take? If you feel you excel in several subjects, you may want to take three tests in one day (the maximum, unless there are Listening tests involved). Then, time permitting, you can choose your highest scores and send them along to your colleges. However, you don't want to give yourself unnecessary stress or waste time studying for a test you don't need. When Harvard says they want two tests, they want two - not four! To learn what makes a good score for each Subject Test, check out the full breakdown here. Another important consideration in choosing and preparing for the Subject Tests is how much time you can realistically devote to studying. No need to over-commit! #3: How Much Time Do You Have to Prep? As I mentioned above, there's no need to over-commit yourself and exceed requirements. Admissions officers are busy looking at thousands of applications. They want to see the number they require or recommend: no more, no less. Since you can take up to three in one day, you may feel that taking three will benefit you. If that's the case, make sure you have a thoughtful study plan in place. You wouldn't want your prep time to take away from studying for the general SAT, AP exams, or finals. At the same time, sometimes Subject Test and AP prep so closely align that you can kill two birds with one stone. Speaking of all these other tests you have to take, when should you fit in the Subject Tests, anyway? Click here for tips and strategies for choosing your SAT Subject Test dates for 2015 and 2016 and planning an effective study schedule. To Sum Up... Just how many SAT Subject Tests do you need to take? Most selective schools require two Subject Tests, but check with your school of interest to make sure and find out about any special instructions. Some schools have specific tests in mind, others want to see a range of subjects, and others differ depending on the program to which you're applying. While you may feel like no Subject Test requirement means you're off the hook, your school might still recommend them. For all intents and purposes, let's just interpret "recommends" as "requires." Unless you have a really good reason or the tests present a financial barrier*, you should still abide by your school's "recommendation" and send along your scores. *If finances make it difficult for you to take the tests, speak with admissions officers and investigate whether you qualify for an SAT fee waiver. What's Next? All the Subjects Tests are one hour in length, but the number and type of questions you have to answer in that hour vary by test. For a breakdown of exactly "how long" each test really is, check out this article here. For more on the differences between the tests,find answers to all your questions about "What are the SAT Subject Tests?" here. Do you know yet if you're taking the SAT or the ACT? This article offers a full technical breakdown of the differences between the two tests so you can figure out which one is best for you and your college applications. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

The Effects of Televison on Behaviors Social Attitudes and Health in Children essays

The Effects of Televison on Behaviors Social Attitudes and Health in Children essays The Effects of Television on Behaviors, Social Attitudes and Television influences behaviors, social attitudes and physical health especially in children. Children today spend more time watching television than on any other single leisure activity. In fact, studies have shown that "the average child spends more time in front of the television than in school" (Clarke and Kurte-Coastes, 1997). There are a variety of influences that children gain from watching too much television. The impact of violence on children is a major issue, as well as the impact of stereotypical views, such as sex roles. Health can also become a problem for children who spend excessive amounts of time in front of the television. There are, however, alternatives to these problems. Parent, schools and the governments need to take control and monitor children and television. After all, television was once used as an educational tool it has only recently become a babysitter. The effect of violence in television has been debated for many years. In a recent study, Strasburger and Donnerstein (1999), suggests that there is a positive correlation between violence viewed on television and aggressive behavior in children. The way television violence is portrayed encourages children to learn aggressive attitudes and behaviors. For example most violence on television is glamorized by using a "good" character that is likely to be perceived as role model to initiate violence. This gives children the impression that violence is justified, desirable, and painless. Violence on television also increases fear or gives children the wrong impression about the world. Many children have a hard time making distinctions about what is real and unreal. Therefore, they begin to believe that the television depicts violence in the "real world." The bottom line is, "children learn their attitudes about violence at a very young age, and once learned, the attitudes tend t. ..

Do Colleges Average Your SAT Scores

Do Colleges Average Your SAT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you taken the SAT more than once?Are you wondering howcolleges will look at multiple test scores? Will they reviewall your scores? Onlyyour highest score? Will they average your scores and use that number?Standardized test scores are an important part of applying to college, but it’s not always clear how schoolswill review your SAT scores if you send them more than one set of scores. Will colleges average your SATscores if you take the test multiple times? In short, no. Colleges don’t take the average of your scores. Instead, they will look at your â€Å"best† score,however; there are multiple ways a school can calculate that.In this article, I’ll go over the variousmethods schools use to look at multiple SATscores, if they require you to send all your SATscores, and how you can use this information to your advantage and help strengthen your college applications. Do You Need to Send Schools All Your SAT Scores? The first thing you need to know, before you start wondering what colleges do with multiple SATscores, is tolearnif the schools you're interested in actually require you to send the results of every SATyou took. If they don't, you may want to take the SAT a few times, and then only send your best score. Infact, most schools do NOTrequire you to send in all your scores, and the College Boardmakes it easy to choose which scores you want to send with an option referred to asScore Choice. Schools that require you to send in all of your SATscores will be referred to as "All Scores" schools. I'll discuss bothin more detail below. Score Choice Score Choice gives you the option to send schools only the SATscores you want them to see,rather than sending scores from every SATyou took. On the score report request form, you will be asked to list your college of choice and the test date you want to send on each line. For schools that allow Score Choice, if you did poorly on one test date, you don’t need to send that score to schools, and they will never see it. This means that if you take the SATfourtimes, you can choose to send only your best score, or your best two scores, or as many scores as you'd like. Be aware that ifyou are using Score Choice and choose to send your scores from a specific test date, you must send your scores for the entire test; you cannot only send individual section scores to schools. All Scores Some schools, including certain highly selective schools like Yale and Duke, requireyou to send all your SATscores.This means that you cannot use Score Choice, and youmust send these schoolsthe scoresofevery SATyou took, even if there was a particular test date when you didn’t score as well as you usually do. So, if you took the SAT fourtimes, you need to send these schoolsyour results from each of those fourtest dates. Check out our complete list of schools that require you to send all your SAT scores. What Do Colleges Do If You Send Multiple SATScores? You may end up sending a school more than one SATscore, either because theyrequire it or because you earnedmultiple strong scores and want schools to see them. So what do colleges do if they receive more than one SATscore from you? There are several options, and I'llexplain each below. Superscoring If a school uses superscoring, that means they take your highest score from each SAT test section and combine those scores into a Superscore. Look at the table below to see an example of how superscoring works. Critical Reading Mathematics Writing Total Score Test 1 710 800 750 2260 Test 2 800 780 700 2280 Test 3 750 750 800 2300 Superscore 800 800 800 2400 This student took the SAT three times, and even though shenever had a perfect test, at one point shegot perfect scores on each of the test sections. Superscoring combines the highest scores from each section, in this case, an 800 for all three, to get a superscore of 2400. This is the SAT score superscoringschools will use when reviewing herapplication. This superscore is higherthan any of the composite SATscores for individual test dates Superscoring benefits you because you get to combine your best scores from each section of the SAT even if those scores didn’t occur in the same test.Wondering which colleges use superscoring? We have a complete list of schools that superscore the SAT. Highest Sitting Some schools don’t use superscoring, but instead use your highest composite SAT score from a single test date. In these cases, you cannot combine section scores from different test dates to get a higher score. Using the above example, schools that use highest sitting would consider her SAT score to be 2300, because that is the highest score she achieved on a single SAT exam. Will Schools Look at Your Other Scores? Regardless of whether a school uses superscoring or highest sitting, will they look at your "non-best" SATscores as well? There's no clear-cut answer to this question since it varies for each school and often for each applicant; however,many times schools will look at your other test scores, even if your best score is the one they give the most weight to. This is particularly true for schools that require all scores sent. In these cases, your scores still won't be averaged, but schools mayreview all your scores and make inferences if there were any outliers. For example, if you take the SATthree times and get composite scores of 2250, 1900, and 2300, most schools will use 2300as your "official" SATscore, but they may wonder why you got a 1900for one test. One outlier score will usually have a small, if any, impact on your application, but it's still important to never blow off an SATjust because you think schools will only look at your best score. As mentioned above, schools that allow Score Choice only see the scores you send them, so you can take the SATseveral times and only send your highest scorein order for that to be the only resultsthey see. The next sections give more recommendations on howyou can use school score policies toplan and improve your SATpreparation methods. Can You Take the SATas Many Times as You Want? Now that you know that schools will useyour best SATscore, either by using superscoring or highest sitting, does that mean you can take the test asmany times as you want in order to maximize your chances of getting a high score? Technically, yes. You can sign up for the SAT as many times as you want, and schools will continue touse your best score from those tests, whether by using superscoring or highest sitting. However, it is possible to take the SAT too many times. In general, we recommend not taking the SAT more than 5 or 6 times. Taking the SATmore than 6 times maycause schools to think you don’t take the test seriously or can't figure out how to improve your score. It can also becomevery stressful and time-consuming,not to mention extremely expensive because you have to keep paying to take the SATand to send your scores to schools. Taking the SATas many times as you can is a particularly bad idea if one of yourschools requires All Scores sentbecause itincreases the chance of you having an off-day and getting a lower than usual score, which those schools will see and can possibly hurt your chances of being admitted. Instead of taking the SATas many times as you can, you should instead look at your test prep methods and how effective they are. Is your studying targeting and improving your weak areas? Are you learning what mistakes you make and how to avoid them? By putting time and effort into studying effectively, you will be able to reach your target SATscore more easily than simply taking the SATover and over.In general, we recommend taking the SAT 2-3 times to get your best score, regardless of whether the schools you’re applying to use superscoring or highest sitting to determine your best score. Taking the SAT many times can be exhausting. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How Can You Use Score Policies to Improve Your SATPrep? If you know which schools you want to apply to, you can learnwhichscore policies they use and use that information to help guide your test-taking strategy. If the schools you’re applying to use superscoring, then you can maximize your superscore by studying for and gaining a strong score in one SATsection at a time.For a more in-depth explanation of this strategy, check out our guide on how superscoring can affect your test strategy.If a school uses highest sitting, then you should continue to study each section of the SATin order to maximize your composite score. For schools that require All Scores sent, you will want to make sure you are well-prepared each time you take the SAT. Those schools will see all of your exam scores, so you don’t want one bad test day to hurt your college applications. You will also want to keep studying for each section of the SAT, even if you are only trying to improve your score in one specific section. You don't want scores from your other sections to drop on a retake. As mentioned above, evenif the schools you’re applying to allow superscoring orScore Choice, you should always take the SATseriously.A very low score canbe a red flag to schools, and it’s a waste of your time and money. Conclusion Most students take the SATmultiple times, and schools have different policies for reviewing multiple test scores. Most schools don't require you to send scores from all the SATsyou took. Score Choice is a way for you to choose which SATresults you want schools to see. If you send multiple SATscores, schoolswon’t average them, but instead will useone of two methods to determine your "best score." Some schools combine your highest section scores from multiple tests into a Superscore. This is known as Superscoring. Other schools look at your highest score from a single test date. Knowing which scoring policy schools use can help you structure your test prep and test-taking strategies to maximize your SATscores for college applications. What's Next? First, what’s a good SATscore? Read our article on good, bad, and excellent SATscores so you can identify and prepare for your target score. Using practice SAT tests to study?Check out our guide on how to get the most realistic SAT practice testing experience to help raise your scores. Want to learn ways to boost your SAT score? Learn the 15SAT tricks you should be using. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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International Business Analysis Project Research Paper

International Business Analysis Project - Research Paper Example According to Busfield (2006), the total worldwide sales of pharmaceutical products in the year 2003 amounted to $ 466 billion (10). It is necessary to note that the usage of prescription medicines globally is on the increase (Blume 1992). All the leading pharmaceutical multinationals, including Glaxo Smith Kline, have head offices in all advanced societies; and their worldwide presence is on the increase (Berg, 1997,). The challenges driving down revenues from the blockbuster strategy to 5% are recognized: declining R&D (Research and Development), rising expenditures of commercialization, augmenting payor influence and shorter exclusivity terms. The pharmaceutical industry has traditionally used the blockbuster approach to develop new drugs, despite numerous challenges of this approach (Williams et. al., 2008, p. 845). Using this approach, some prospective drugs may fail and when their costs are factored in, the actual cost of discovering, developing, and launching new drugs overly i ncreases (McKeown 1976). Publishing arm of a consultancy firm forms the basis of this report and audience are expert in the pharmaceutical field. Challenges of the model The model structure is provided in the diagram below revealing the requirements of the model. The challenges of the model are viewed as the enslaving factors in the pharmaceutical industry. ... vironment for pharma companies has transformed dramatically in the recent past; however, the founding model has not kept the pace thus posing challenges to emerging pharmaceutical companies. The declining research and development (R&D) productivity, increasing costs of commercialization, shorter exclusivity periods and augmenting payor influence have increased the mean expenditure per a successful introduction to $ 1.7 billion and decreased average expected profits on novel investment to the indefensible level of 5%. The challenges has presented predicaments that mergers created will not improve profitability. This forces pharmaceutical organizations to require fresh business models that fit the new environment. The model presents major challenges to all but the three largest organizations; GlaxoSmithKline PLC, Pfizer Inc., and Merck & Co. Inc. the choice is comparatively desolate: with little resources to drive primary care commodities and to venture in the arms race in sales & mark eting, and research and development project (R&D), they will probably be driven faster to replace their blockbuster-based models (Moncrieff 2002). Market worth is shifting previously to some smaller actors that have embraced new models. The effects of model dilapidation have been seen in many pharmaceutical organizations. According to Busfield (2006), pharmaceutical companies get most of their revenue from patented drugs, with most patients lasting for a period of up to 20 years. In 2003, for instance, The US pharmaceutical market, including of six of the peak 10 pharmaceutical corporations, accounted for ‘just under half of the world’s revenue, (Busfield 2006, p. 3).’ The other four companies were based in Europe. Despite the importance of this industry in the world, companies in

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and contrast - Essay Example It involves a group of people, who do the crime in a professional manner. These are criminals who depend on illegal or unlawful activities as their way of life, (Albanese, 2010). These crimes are coordinated and preplanned from a centralized syndicate. It happens to be an ongoing conspiracy where groups engage in illegal or illicit ventures with a sole aim of generating income. These groups have structures which resemble business with a pyramid hierarchy. It involves practicing heinous acts so as to maintain the external and internal control, (Albanese, 2010). These groups can go to the extent of committing murder. These tend to have political wings where they contribute to election campaigns with an aim of securing immunity from arrests. They engage in credit card frauds, gambling and narcotics. Racketeering and smuggling is also common with these groups, (Albanese, 2010). How my perception compares with the definition. My perception of organized crimes does compare with that of the definitions. This is because; in the definitions given here it is clear that planning is involved in the organized crimes. This is the same case in the readings. This also suggests that, in both cases, the nature of crime is not impromptu. It takes a lot of deliberations and sometimes diplomacy can be involved just to secure their interests, (Albanese, 2010). ... This is because activity that leads to violence, theft or even murder are unpopular and by all definitions they are terrible crimes. The idea of having professional criminals is intriguing by itself. It is difficult to imagine that there are people who specialized in crime as a way of living, (Albanese, 2010). However, it is not entirely shocking because there are people who have an uncontrollable desire to do crime. My perception of organized crime is that these are crimes done with a coordinated approach. The same definition appears in the readings. However, the readings reveal that this organization can get quit sophisticated because it is got training involved, and the coordinator are extremely intentional and often technological experts. Characteristics of organized criminal behavior Intimidation and violence Organized criminal gangs always use intimidation and violence to accomplish their goals and intentions. The nature of violence portrayed by these groups can be put into two categories, (Albanese, 2010). They are the tactical and the strategic categories of organized crimes. The strategic category of organized crime involves the use of groups with higher criminal capabilities. This includes careful planning and execution of well coordinated multiple crimes. This could be a way of retaliation against other groups or paralyzing government activates, (Albanese, 2010). On the other hand, tactical category is opportunistic in nature. It is clearly based on short-term goals like retention of a group share in the criminal market. Diversification of criminal activities. Most of these organized groups deal with: narcotics, vehicle thefts and other large-scale crimes, (Albanese, 2010). Their crimes are none—random in nature. Organized

Week1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week1 - Essay Example d only be possible if the government knows what kind of economic scales are divided amongst people and in what proportions the wealth needs to be distributed. A wholesome number needs to be checked first so that the whole process turns out to be successful at the end. Thus the government needs to make accurate decisions in such a situation and this would involve the census department to get down on their relevant work and give a correct figure of people as well as their intrinsic and most needed data and information. In aerospace industry, it is needed that the primary research methods include sampling through questionnaires, survey methods and one-on-one interviews. The questionnaires could be open ended where there is room for respondents to spell out as much information as needed or these could be close ended where the respondents are tied to certain answers from which they need to choose. These could also be mixed ended – having a combination of open ended and close ended questions and queries. The survey could be through interviews and questionnaires. This is basically a case of quantitative research where quantities and figures could be tabulated rather than quality which is judged through the use of secondary research methods. The secondary research methods include the usage of books, journals, websites, encyclopedia and other related information and knowledge which have already been sorted out for the aerospace industry earlier and has been documented for pretty much the same purp oses. The research process is somewhat in close coordination with the process of forming opinions since opinions could only be based when there is certain information which has come through the relevant doors and these doors include the basis of research – both primary and secondary that has been done. Without proper research at one’s disposal, forming an opinion is an exercise in futility since there would be absolutely null basis of authenticity for the opinion and hence

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Analysis - Essay Example Chuck Lanes decision to fire Stephen Glass can be considered as ethical and right. Lane has laid down the facts and evidences that Stephen Glass has been dishonest and fictional in writing his reports representing The New Republic. Glass stories such as the hacking report of Jukt Micronics and the drunken antics of the Young Republicans were proven to be based on nothing but Glass fictional stories. Going to the second quadrant of the box, Lane considered several values when deciding whether to fire Stephen Glass or not. Professionally speaking, as journalist, they are guided by the SPJ principles which basically states "to seek the truth and report it." It is therefore mandated that journalist "should be honest, fair, and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information" (SPJ Code of Ethics, 1996). SPJ principle ensured that journalists are bound by the code to tell the truth and become fair to the readers. In this case, Glass did nothing but invent stories made out of lies. The third quadrant of Potter Box stressed out the principles will help the decision maker which in this case is Chuck Lane to fully understand the situation. Following Kants categorical imperative which states that " Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Kants ideas include being ethical is being objective and what is right must be done whatever the situation is. Lane is being objective as he has the proofs to the deeds of Stephen Glass. Thus whether Glass has been a good employee and friend to the workers of The New Republic, he deserve to be fired with valid reasons. Last box in the Potter Box contains the loyalties. In this case, Lane as the decision maker should be loyal to the readers, the public. Firing Glass means ensuring that the people reading The New Republic get the information and reports they deserve to know, the truth. Both Angela of

Fundamentals of Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fundamentals of Marketing - Assignment Example enjoys significant brand reputation, it is important to engage in road shows to enhance popularity of products especially to promote its numerous innovations (Solomon et al. 2011). 5.0 Conclusion 11 This paper critiques the marketing strategy of Apple Company in Australia. It is a US multinational company dealing in a wide range of technology products and services such as computers, mobile phones, software, computer peripherals, media auxiliaries, and networking services among other electronics. The company has accomplished rapid growth in the consumer electronics market as part of its brand extension strategy. It presents an industry overview, environmental analysis and the marketing strategy of Apple, which also includes how the 4-Ps of marketing mix is applied. The paper highlights some recommendations on the appropriate measures to be undertaken to improve the company’s marketing performance in the next 1-3 years. Marketing is a significant process that helps businesses to effectively interact with customers for the purpose of understanding their needs and creating the desired value. An organization that satisfies the needs of its customers is able to maintain profitability and long term sustainability. It is important that the operating environment is understood to enhance development of a successful marketing strategy. A company needs to select the right marketing mix that gives it a competitive advantage over competitors. Environmental analysis is important as it presents an overview of the micro and macro-environmental factors that influence a company’s competitiveness in the market. The marketing strategies applied by different companies are focused on maintaining a competitive advantage in the market. Effective segmentation, targeting and positioning enhance the overall success. The 4-Ps in marketing mix represents Product, Price, Place and Promotion, which are essential in satis fying consumer needs and enhancing profitability (Kim & Meyers-Levy,

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Analysis - Essay Example Chuck Lanes decision to fire Stephen Glass can be considered as ethical and right. Lane has laid down the facts and evidences that Stephen Glass has been dishonest and fictional in writing his reports representing The New Republic. Glass stories such as the hacking report of Jukt Micronics and the drunken antics of the Young Republicans were proven to be based on nothing but Glass fictional stories. Going to the second quadrant of the box, Lane considered several values when deciding whether to fire Stephen Glass or not. Professionally speaking, as journalist, they are guided by the SPJ principles which basically states "to seek the truth and report it." It is therefore mandated that journalist "should be honest, fair, and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information" (SPJ Code of Ethics, 1996). SPJ principle ensured that journalists are bound by the code to tell the truth and become fair to the readers. In this case, Glass did nothing but invent stories made out of lies. The third quadrant of Potter Box stressed out the principles will help the decision maker which in this case is Chuck Lane to fully understand the situation. Following Kants categorical imperative which states that " Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Kants ideas include being ethical is being objective and what is right must be done whatever the situation is. Lane is being objective as he has the proofs to the deeds of Stephen Glass. Thus whether Glass has been a good employee and friend to the workers of The New Republic, he deserve to be fired with valid reasons. Last box in the Potter Box contains the loyalties. In this case, Lane as the decision maker should be loyal to the readers, the public. Firing Glass means ensuring that the people reading The New Republic get the information and reports they deserve to know, the truth. Both Angela of

Environmental Risk Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Risk Management - Coursework Example For adoption of an effective EMS, this paper discusses the processes involved in Environmental risk assessment. These include hazard assessment, exposure assessment, consequences assessment as well as risk estimation. Through integration of these processes with the major activities undertaken in formulation and implementation of EMS, an organization is able to benefit from an effective EMS. Some of the major implications of an accredited EMS to institutions such as Cowcaddens University include reduced operational costs, public support and competitive advantage. In this regard, this paper discusses some key recommendations that Cowcaddens should adopt. For instance, the institution should engage all stakeholders including employees and students in the entire process of formulating and implementing the EMS. This also entails offering environment conservation courses in addition to offering training to the employees and holding environmental protection seminars and forums. Introduction Environmental Management System (EMS) entails comprehensive strategies that are adopted to effectively manage environmental aspects that affect the day to day operations of companies. ... Other advantages of EMS include improving the production process, reduction of company liabilities and expenses as well as reduction of costs of managing waste materials. For companies to increase total sales, it is imperative for firms to emulate effective EMS especially in the modern times when most consumers are keenly looking for products that are harmless to the environment. This paper seeks to discuss the concepts that are vital in the development of an environmental risk assessment process as part of an Environment Management System of Cowcaddens University. Specific Environmental legislation Environmental Permitting Regulations 2011 SI 2043 Environmental Permitting Regulations 2011 SI 2043 is one of the major environmental legislation that was emulated by UK government in October 2011. The law that seeks to redefine radioactive waste was adopted after several amendments of the earlier Acts. The amendment was done in order to provide effective EMS that ensures risks associated with radioactive materials are properly addressed. Due to the anomalies of Radioactive Substances Act (RSA) of 1960, the UK government recognized the need to make adjustment of the Act. RSA 1993 was also based on RSA 1960. Even though some countries such as Northern Ireland and Scotland have still retained the majority of the provisions of RSA 1993, major reviews have been adopted in UK that are contributed by various environment regulators and industries. This was aimed at making UK attain a strong approach of preventing the country from being negatively affected by the large amount of radioactive materials from the industries. The monitoring of the implementation of the law is to be undertaken in 2015.

Digital Libraries Essay Example for Free

Digital Libraries Essay Ashley Tipton Digital Libraries Introduction A simple definition of a digital library is a library where collections are stored in digital formats instead of physical formats and accessible via computers. The content can then be accessed locally, as in within a library, or remotely such as from other places on a college campus or from a users home. Many people believe that digital libraries are the future. There are also those that still hold on to the thought that the traditional brick and mortar building is the way a library is supposed to be and that moving to the digital real is not the direction a library should be heading. History The information revolution is one of the marvels of the 20th century. We are now living in an information society where almost everyone around us has a computer, a smartphone, and is connected to the Internet. As our society has become more and more connected, libraries have also started to become more digitized. Library automation came into popularity in the early 1950s. It started with punched card applications to library technical services operations. In 1965, Licklider coined the phrase â€Å"library of the future† to refer to his vision of a fully computer-based library and then in 1978, F.W. Lancaster wrote of the â€Å"paperless library† (Harter, 1996). Other terms later on that were used to describe the library of the future were â€Å"electronic library,† â€Å"virtual library,† â€Å"library without walls,† and â€Å"bionic library† (Harter, 1996). The term â€Å"digital library† came to be from the Digital Libraries Initiative. In 1994, six universities in the United States were granted 24 million dollars for digital library research. This was brought on by the sudden boom of the Internet. â€Å"Digital library† is the name that was most widely adopted by academics, researchers, and librarians and is used to describe the process of digitizing information resources. Digitization According to Ram Nath Maurya, there is a stress for three things in the digital world (Maurya, 2011): †¢ Awareness of information which gives the breath of vision. †¢ †¢ Awareness of technology which gives the power to make the visions manifest. Awareness of needs provide the insight to use professional skills and talents to greater effect. The meaning of this is that it is important for the user to have information that is easily locatable and easily accessible. Nowadays, library patrons have become information conscious and no longer want to wait and go to the library to find what they need. They want to access it access the information electronically. The process of digitizing implies the production of a digital surrogate for a physical object (Unsworth, 2004). There are many different items in libraries that are digitized. This ranges from serials that can be found either in print or online to rare books and archives that are now being preserved in a digital format. There are many positive outcomes that come from digitizing parts of a librarys collection. There is less cost in reshelving the item. The item is simultaneously available to multiple users. The item does not have to be replaced, since it is not being used and there is no chance of it being lost. Also, if it is a rare item, it can be preserved more easily as it will be less frequently handled. Why Go Digital? The most valuable aspect of the digital library is its reduction in cost. There are many fees that are negated such as staff pay, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. This makes the cost of the digital library much less to maintain than that of a traditional library. Also, increased reduction in the use of paper has a positive impact on the environment. Environmental scientists all over the world favor digital libraries to help reduce paper usage. Libraries that have a digital presence can be reached all over the world, thus allowing the library to have a far greater audience beyond their local community. Their collection can be shared and accessed from anywhere. As distance education becomes more popular, it is even more important for libraries to have an online presence. Students who might not be able to physically access their school librarys collection can instead find what they need on their website. Many libraries are offering a vary large amount of databases containing full-text journals and also electronic books. The interlibrary loan program allows students to order books from their own school and other libraries without leaving their home. The role of the librarian in a digital library is still vastly important. They are needed to package and repackage information. Librarians set up the proxies and open-URLs. They do electronic publishing, provide reference instruction, and teach patrons how to use electronic resources. Also, there is always more information that needs to be digitized. Disadvantages of Digital Libraries There are many threats to the nature of digital libraries. Computer viruses are a danger if libraries are not careful to protect their hardware and software. Also, the high initial cost of infrastructure such as the hardware, software, network, and IT professionals can be a downside and then also the cost to maintain and upgrade when needed. Standardization is another issue that libraries can face when moving to a digital format. Each library is different and therefore it is extremely likely that each library will have a very different way of digitizing their collection and presenting their information online. Another potential problem is copyright. Digital libraries have to find a way to properly distribute information without violating copyright law. The copyright of the author has to be protected as items are digitized and put into an online collection. Future of Digital Libraries The future trend for libraries is to keep moving toward a digital format. Daniel Akst, the author of The Webster Chronicle, sums it up in one simple statement: â€Å"the future of libraries-and of information-is digital. † He states, â€Å"All the problems associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving,† and goes on to state, â€Å"if in 100 years people can still read your article, we’ll have solved the problem†. Computer storage continues to grow at an exponential rate and the cost keeps going down. It is believed that eventually, given the current advancement of technology, a person will be able to virtually access all recorded information. There are many large scale digitization projects underway at places such as Google, the Million Book Project, and Internet Archive. The technology behind scanners and the digitization techniques also keeps improving. There have been recent advancements in how books are handled and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition. Libraries will continue to become more equipped to digitize their own collections and share them with the world. Bibliography Akst, Daniel. The Webster Chronicle. New York: Bluehen, 2002. Print. Harter, S. (1996, September). What is a digital library? definitions, content, and issues. A paper presented at KOLISS DL 96: international conference on digital libraries and information services for the 21st century, Seoul, Korea. Retrieved from http://php. indiana. edu/~harter/koreapaper. htm Lagoze, C. , Krafft, D. , Payette, S. , Jesuroga, S. (2005). What is a digital library anymore, anyway?. D-Lib Magazine, 11(11), Retrieved from http://www. dlib. org/dlib/november05/lagoze/11lagoze. html Maurya, R. (2011). Digital library and digitization. International Journal of Information Dissemination Technology. , 1(4), 228-331. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. lib. fsu. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=7hid=9[emailprotected] Unsworth, J. (2004, May 17). The value of digitization for libraries and humanities scholarship. Retrieved from http://people. lis. illinois. edu/~unsworth/newberry. 04. htmlÃ'Ž

Case studies of managing change in Organisations

Case studies of managing change in Organisations Introduction Task 1 The requirements from task 1 are to identify three organizations which have recently changed the way they run their business, the research must include the nature of the organization and its position in the current economy, what changes they bring in the last five years and what are the outcomes of the change. Objectives of Task 1 Following are the main objectives of Task 1 Investigate a research in 3 organizations which have recently undergone changes in the way the run their business. What is the nature of these organizations and their current economic climate? What changes they brought into their organisation. What are the outcomes of those changes both positive and negative Produce a report to draw the conclusion of the base of study of these three organisations that how changes effects organization in todays economy. Three organisations I have chosen I have chosen the following three organisations for task 1 of the Unit two Managing Change in Organization Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT) Paktel GSM (Zong) Smart Cars 1. Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT) Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT) was established in 1998 to provide medical education. Initially they start with a medical college at Islamabad Pakistan; they acquire a prominent building at the central location of the city. The trust founder is a retired army general, and a leading cardiologist known worldwide. After two years in 2000 IIMCT opened an Engineering College by the name of Islamic International Engineering College (IIEC) and an institute for the education of computing and information technology by the name of Riphah Institute of Informatics, all these colleges continued their daily activities as individual bodies reporting to trust headquarter; the affiliation of these institutions was with county well-known universities like Hamdard University and University of Engineering and Technology Taxila Pakistan. Changes in IIMCT Later on the management of IIMCT feel the need of their own degree awarding body, and this was the point when they decide to go for major change or organizational change. They applied to federal government for the licence of university and received the approval in 2005 by completing all the requirements of having a university licence, and this lead IIMCT to the foundation of Riphah International University. Now Riphah International University has different departments and faculties, Islamic International Medical College is now known as faculty of medical sciences of Riphah International University (RIU), IIEC is engineering faculty and RII is Faculty of Computing of RIU. The IIMCT continue its activities under the brand name while Riphah International University is the degree awarding body now. Recently they have launched different courses in collaboration with University of Bedfordshire UK, and Royal Medical College London. Riphah International University has now 12 faculties with three campuses and three teaching hospitals. Govt of Pakistan have issued them FM radio station and Television licence to the university for educational purposes. RIU have now opened its campus at Dubai in collaboration with Dubai state government. Outcomes of Change From above stated details its quite clear that the changes that IIMCT brought into their organization had a very positive impact like They now have their own degree awarding body They became eligible to get educational grants for Govt Have increased the number of faculties / institutes and also the number of students Govt of Pakistan offers them two govt hospitals and now they are using those as teaching hospitals for their medical students. Get approval to open overseas campuses. Able to work in collaboration with UK leading educational institutions. Have their own FM radio channel and soon will have a TV channel. Get good job placement for their graduates. 2. Paktel GSM (Zong) Paktel the pioneer in the telecom industry in Pakistan, start their operation in the mid 90s. Firstly they provide just ASM services but after the evaluation of GSM technology they also start GSM services. As they were having no competitors in the telecom market, so they were completely dominating the market, a few years after their first competitor came into telecom market an Egyptian company by the name of Orascom Telcom, and the brand name of Mobilink, later on Pakistan telecom also started GSM services by the name of Ufone. The entry of both these companies brought very hard results for Paktel and most of their customers started using services of other companies because of good quality and services, the management of Paktel tried so much to hold their place in the market and for that they offer so many attractive packages but was a hard luck for them and the company goes into completely background when another two companies, Telenor from Norway and Warid Telecom from gulf came in to Pakistani market. Changes in Paktel GSM After having too much competitors with very good business background and latest technologies it was very hard for Paktel to stay in the current scenario, so the management of the company decide to franchise the company and to sell more than 50 % of the company to the China Mobile Company, which is the universe leading telecom company. When China Mobile Company became the owner they bring a vast amount of changes in their technology, management, and the way they operate. They changed the brand name from Paktel to Zong, change the company logo, marketing strategy, introduce very attractive packages for customers, and start providing network services in very remote areas of Pakistan, and now they have on third position in having more customers after Mobilink and Ufone. Outcomes of Change Following are the impact of change that Paktel management bring into their organization i.e. from Paktel to Zong Increase in the number of their customers Now they have updated and latest technology Have now management team with tons of experience. Introduce very good and unique ideas and strategies for marketing, and have attracted a big number of customer to use their product Increase the revenue of the company Have earn a good name in the telecom sector by providing good services 3. Star Cars The company is a British company founded in 1994 by a British person Ernie Andreson at Oxford UK. The mission of the company is to provide cars on hiring with good services. By the end of 1999 the company business was amazing and StarCars were having 5 centres at different cities of United Kingdom. And at the end of 2004 the StarCars expanded its business up to 17 centres all over the UK. But as their business increases they were facing problems in carrying out the daily activities. Following is the list of main problems that became the base for change in near future for StarCars. There was communication problems, the staff members in other centres often found it difficult to sort out wage queries with Oxford. Also when a centre had a problem, such as customer dispute it was difficult to settle because no one seems to have authority at franchise centre, it was the only the founder of the company who make the decisions and was often unavailable. Because of the distance involved, the mobile mechanic found it difficult to maintain cars all over the country. The mechanics were overworked, and the condition of the cars goes wrong by having no proper attention. The accountability of each centre was a major problem for the head office. Because of the geographical distance between centres the staffs feels isolated, there was often a lack of leadership and some staff became demotivated and staffs turn over also risen. Change in StarCars The management of the company decide to organise the company geographically, they divide the company into seven geographical locations and appoint one manager for each region and delegate a lot more responsibilities and power to that individual. The regional manager was assign the responsibility to make daily visits to all the centres in the region, recruit staff and attend a management meeting with the owner and board of directors every two weeks. They also outsource all car maintenance to another business and allow managers to buy cars for their region based on regional demand, but they must have to provide proper justification for that. They start training programs for mangers and other staff members, and also a good incentive packages. Outcomes of Change Following are the main outcomes of change in StarCars Help the company to maintain their accounts easily Improve the way they operate, and increase in their business It became easy for the management to look after the business at all location by consulting the regional manger. Have a very improved organization structure and good communication among all the regional centres. Conclusion (Report) From: Naeem Ullah To: Board of Directors Subject: Impact of change in organizations in todays economy Date: 02-03-2010 In the current era changes effects the organizations the following ways Change in organisation can the baseline of the organization Changes bring alterations or change in the strategy of the organization Can effect the culture and measurement of the organisation Can bring increase or decrease to the profit of the organisation if it is a profit organisation. Change they way they develop, market their product or services Can reduce or increase the management hierarchies Introduction Task 2 This task is about the study of the bureaucratic organisations which are well established and large organisations. Many of these organisations have re assessed their strategies and positions. In this task the requirement is to select two bureaucratic organisations and evaluate their strength and weaknesses, the efficiency through which these organisations works, the impact of bureaucratic organisations on their environment and how these organisations react to change. Objectives of Task Following are the objectives of this task Identify two bureaucratic organisations Evaluate their strengths and weaknesses Impact of bureaucracy on their environment How these organisations react to change Produce a report to evaluate these organisations Report From: Naeem Khan (Managing Consultant) To: Managing Director Date: 29 Mar. 10 Subject: Investigation on two bureaucratic Organisations Two Bureaucratic Organisations To complete this task I have identified the following two bureaucratic organisations. British Telecom (BT) Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) 1. British Telecom British Telecom (BT) is the worlds oldest communications company, with a direct line of descent from the first commercial telecommunications undertaking in the world.  The Electric Telegraph Company incorporated in 1846, was the first anywhere to exploit leading edge telegraphy technology and introduce electrical communications to an astonished world.  Within ten years an international  network had been developed, making communications possible within minutes and hours instead of days and weeks. The consequences for every aspect of society were dramatic and profound. British Telecom Provides global telecommunication services in more than 170 countries worldwide; Participates in London and New York Stock Exchange and is listed in the FTSE 100 Index. Provides most British fixed-line telephones with local loop and trunk network connections, and telephone exchanges. It operates more than 28 million UK telephone lines. Efficiency through which BT is Working As British Telecom is one of the worlds most popular telecom company, they have very experienced and skilled staff, equipped with latest tools and technology. They provide services in all sector of telecom, from telephonic conversation to fast internet broadband, Ethernet facility, Virtual Private Network VPN, Wireless Local Loops WLL and so many other products and services. The current assets of BT are more than 49.34 billion pounds, and have more than 28 million customers in UK, the total sales of BT in 2009 was about  £21,7235, which show the importance of BT in telecom industry in the country and also its values in producing good revenue for the countrys economy. British Telecom has about 18 competitors in the market but they have the advantage of having much more customers and a very rich history in the telecom sector of United Kingdom. Impact of Bureaucratic Environment on BT As British Telecom is a very big organisation having thousands of employees and dealing with such a big number of customers, they are having a very good organisational structure using the bureaucratic approach to implement their policies. In BT they use the traditional form of bureaucracy, the law, policy and regulations are normally created by the top management or board of executives and then a series of steps Is taken for the implementation in which the superiors pass their subordinates what to do and how to do, and evaluate their performance and then report to his higher authorities. How BT React to Change As BT is a bureaucratic organisation and its a very long and difficult process to introduce new change to their organisation. They follow a very systematic way to cup up with changes. To bring change into the organisation the decision is taken by the higher authorities and implementation is made on the ground in a series of steps instructed by the top level management. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is Pakistan l largest converged services carrier  provide basic telephonic services to data and internet, video and audio conferencing throughout the country. The vision of PTCL is To be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider in the region by achieving customer satisfaction and maximizing shareholders value. While the mission of the company is to achieve their vision by having An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation and quality , An environment that is cost effective and quality conscious, Services that are based on the most optimum technology,   Quality and Time conscious customer service, Sustained growth in earnings and profitability. According to financial report of PTCL published in June 2009 the net income of PTCL is 9.1 billion  Pakistani Rupees. By nature PTCL is a bureaucratic organisation from its start, In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. And in 1996 PTCL was listed in all the stock exchanges of the country. Efficiency through which PTCL is working PTCL is the largest telecom service provider in Pakistan and also part of the consortium of submarine communications cables network. They provide best communication services to their customers at their door step. PTCL have about 2000 telephone exchange round the country providing largest fixed line network, GSM, CDMA and Wireless Local Loop (WLL). Impact of Bureaucratic Environment on PTCL Impact of bureaucratic type of management is same on PTCL as like other bureaucratic organisation, they are very systematic and structured in bringing any change into their organisation and the way they are working. As in telecom sector in Pakistan PTCL is having the monopoly but in 2003 the post-monopoly era came with  Pakistans Liberalization in Telecommunication. On the Government level, a comprehensive liberalization policy for telecoms sector is was offered. Which bring the concept of privatizing the public sector organisations and PTCL was one among those. How PTCL React to Change As PTCL is a bureaucratic organisation but it has very strong labour union and employee union which is very influential within and outside organisation. When in 2005 the govt of Pakistan decide to privatise the company and sell about 26 % of its share to a gulf based company Etisalat there was country wide protest and strike by PTCL workers. They even disrupted Phone lines of some big Government institutions like Punjab University Lahore and many lines of public sector were also blocked.  And a very tense situation was created when the technicians of PTCL refuses the repair of undersea optical fibre line to Singapore, at last military forces take over the control of all offices and make a success transition of the process. Conclusion Bureaucratic organisations are very systematic and well structured They work efficiently in big organisational structures To bring change in organisation is very lengthy and time consuming process, it also takes more efforts as compared to other types of organisations. The bureaucratic organisation management may face saviour problems in bringing change in organisation. Introduction to Task 3 In todays world most organisations use the concept of Fordism to have more advantages over the competitors; they need to respond to the situations quickly and efficiently by providing good products and services to their customers. To have competitive advantages organisations needs to adapt to newer and better methods of organisational management. In this task the focus is on how organisation can work more effectively by using alternative forms of organisational development except that they are using. Objectives of Task 3 Following are the main objectives of this task Definition of the concept of Fordism and its importance Importance of Fordism in modern management Comparison of two organisations between alternative forms of organisational development. Fordism Manufacturing  philosophy that  aims  to  achieve  higher  productivity  by standardizing the  output, using conveyor  assembly lines, and breaking the  work  into small de-skilled  tasks. Whereas Taylorism  (on which Fordism is based) seeks  machine  and  worker efficiency, Fordism seeks to combine them as one  unit, and emphasizes minimization of  costs  instead of  maximization  of profit., the concept of Fordism was introduced by US  automobile  pioneer Henry Ford (1863-1947). Fordism was a method used mainly in the automotive industry; it improved productivity, but it was also a model of economic expansion and technological progress based on the mass production: the manufacture of standardized products in huge volumes using special purpose machinery and unskilled labor. This principle could be applied to any kind of manufacturing process and for a time it was. Major success stemmed from three major principles: The Standardization of the product The use of Special-purpose tools and/or equipment via the assembly line The Elimination of skilled labor in direct production, while simultaneously paying the worker higher wages. Fordism is a production process that standardized the production for a lower price and for a larger production. The factories were built on places where labor or raw materials for the product were available. The companies were in this way dependent of the place they were built. Besides that the city was dependent of the companies, because they served employment. Important of Fordism in modern management By using the concept of Fordism in modern management organizations can benefits from it in various ways, some of them are stated below Fordism helps in modern management to do jobs quicker and cheaper both Fordism and Scientific Management share common themes yet also display some significant differences. They both encourage looking at the fastest way work can be completed and impose strict guidelines upon employees and their job descriptions. This has led to a great deal of dissatisfaction among employees in production lines with alienation and monotony of workers that encouraged a high turnover of employees at organizations that imposed these techniques. Henry Ford developed much of his conceptions upon Taylors ideas of scientific management. These theories imply that contemporary organizations and their managers should take into consideration the ideas of employees to avoid division. Managers today often see workers as multi-skilled and more involved in the process of production via teamwork, the reintegration of manual and mental labor, and the empowerment of production workers. Todays mass production has seen t echnology wiping out many of the jobs once held by these employees. There is a movement towards a more flexible workplace in the wave of this new technology away from strict guidelines imposed upon workers and their job descriptions, they are now encouraged to learn about other areas of the workplace. Fordism and scientific management have greatly influenced our workplace today and their theories will continue to be built upon for years to come.   Comparison of BT and PTCL in light of above discussion Both these companies are public sector organization with big revenue generation each year and thousands of employees providing telecom services to their customers throughout their respective countries. Following is the comparison between these two organizations on the basis of their growth, processes, expansions, procedures and they way they introduce changes into their organization. PTCL BT PTCL has lunched WLL (prepaid postpaid) through this customer can connect where landline scarce. Provide high speed broadband, telephony services and TV on a single wire Provide their customers the facility of smart TV According to Annual report 2009 the net income of PTCL is 9.1 billion  Pakistani Rupees Have about 2000 telephone exchange Practicing bureaucratic in their organization. Having current assets of 49.34 billion pounds Have 28 million customers in UK They are competing with about 18 competitors in the market Providing products and services like internet broadband, Ethernet facility, Virtual Private Network VPN, Wireless Local Loops WLL and so many other products and services. According to the annual report of 2009 the total revenue generated by BT was about  £21,7235 Is a bureaucratic organization from start and still practicing bureaucracy to bring change within the organization. Conclusion Fordism is the concept which helps organizations in the development of the Standardization of the product Help organizations in developing goods and services in as assembly line Fordism helps organizations in modern management to produce good services to their customers. Introduction to Task 4 This task it is assumed that one of the organisation hired me and they require from me to come up with a clearer idea of the available models for change and come up with a presentation to the management of the describing the various models available for the organisation during the exchange from shop environment to internet sales, and advise the management which model to use, which is the best, and appropriate for the organisation. Pakistan Tele communication Company Limited has hired me and they demands from me to produce the following work. Objectives of Task 4 Following are the main objectives of the task 4 Describe various models for organisation Describe the appropriate model for change from shop environment to internet sale What is organisation change model When organisation tends to bring change into their organisational structure and operation they need to follow certain procedure which minimise the cost of change, it means that they should follow a certain steps of pre defined procedure. So change model is a set of pre defined procedure to ensure the secure change within organisation. Organisation change model in organisational development from the perspective of change in from top level management changes to the operational level changes. Available Change Models for PTCL Following are the available models of change for PTCL Dynamic Conservatism Dynamic conservatism model is focused on the increasing need due to increasing change of pace for the change process. This model was produced by Schon. The intention of this process model is to make the change process in organizations more flexible and dynamic. Kubler-Ross Model Kubler-Ross Model is also known as five stages of grief. It describes five discrete stages, she describes how people deal with grief and tragedy. Five stages of Kubler-Ross are Denial I feel fine This cant be happening, not to me Anger How can this happen to me? Bargaining I will do anything for a few more years Depression I am going to die what is the point? Acceptance it is going to be okay Dynamic Conservatism This model was described by Schon. He explores that inherent nature of the organizations can be conservative and protect them from constant change. Schon recognizes the increasing need due to the increasing change of pace for this process to become far more flexible. ADKAR ADKAR is a goal-oriented change management model that allows change management team to focus their activities on specific business results. ADKAR is a useful framework for change management teams in planning and execution of their work. Awareness Desire Knowledge Ability Reinforcement Appropriate Model for PTCL Bringing change in organization is very tough and complex problem, the management of the organization need to have deep look different aspects of the current position and the position of organization after change. Advising a change model to organization is a difficult job to do, because of the different factors involvement in the change process. So I will suggest PTCL to go for the two change models parallel from above defined models. Individual Change Model Dynamic Conversion I suggest these two models because of the very speedy changes in organization of PTCL and the way they perform their operations. So these two models will help PTCL to have a successful transition from their present state to where they want in future. Introduction to Task 5 In previous tasks a detail overview of the change models and process are provided, now in this task the focus is on the implementation of the change process and its activities, as I have done task 4 for PTCL, so in this task its required to show the implementation process of the change model for PTCL, because without proper and good implementation planning is just waste of resources and time. Objectives of Task 5 Following are the main objectives of this task Measure the efficiency of the change models for PTCL Plan the implementation process of change for PTCL Implementation of the change process Organisational change is a very complex and difficult task to accomplish, it needs to be properly planed and structured to make a secure transition from starting point of change till end. The organisational change involve different factors which need to be addressed when planning implementation of change. Following are the most common and important elements in change process Recognition of the need for change that why change is needed Establishment of goals for the change, means what goal you have decided to achieve Diagnoses of relevant variables, what factor are involve in bringing change Selection of appropriate change technique, what technique you are going to use for change Planning for implementation of the change, are you able to plan the change? Actual Implementation, implement what you have planned Evaluation and follow up, are you successful in bringing a secure transition (change) in your organisation Implementation Steps for Organisational Change There are eight main steps involve in the implementation of a change plan in an organisation, all these are important to follow, otherwise organisation management will be unable to yield the results they want from change. Establishing Sense of Urgency It is important to bring change whenever it is necessary or the management want to introduce the new ways of organisation operations. Powerful Guiding Coalition Organisational change is not a single or individual person responsibility, it involve the power of coalition of the people working in organisation. Creating a vision Without a vision its not possible to have a positive change Communicating the Vision Management should decide and discuss the vision for change with other staff members in the organisation. Empowering Others Give responsibility and power to the persons involve in change process Short Term Wins Break the problem statement into different achievable steps Consolidating Improvements Have some mile stone / check points to evaluate the performance Institutionalizing Change process must be within standard procedures. Issues with implementation of Change When organisation goes for change they may face certain problems and issues which need to be properly addressed time by time. These problems may occur at initial stages, at middle or may be at late stages of the implementation process, but the management of the organisation and individuals responsible for change must be aware of those and have the ability of quick response to the situation. Management may face some of these issues in implementation of change process Some manager unaware of change process and models Difficulties in getting support from staff members Lack of leadership Internal and external resistance to the change Difficulties in communication the change with stockholders Influence of govt rules and regulations Some economical and sociological problems Resistance to implementation of change Organisation may face two types of resistance to the change in organisation Individual Resistance Organisational Resistance Individual resistance may be Economic Reason, Obsolescence of Skill, Personal Reason, Ego defensiveness, Status Quo, Fear of Un-Known, Social Displacement, and Peer Pressure. While organizational resistance may be Threats to Power Influence, Organizational Structure, and Resource Constraint. Conclusion To implement a change process organisation needs to have looked at certain issues related with this process. This problem may be individual based or organisati